I vetmi rast ku p\u00ebrmendet kushti penal vler\u00ebsues \u00ebsht\u00eb neni 115\/a i Kodit Civil. Neni 541 ndon\u00ebse jep kuptimin e kushtit penal, nuk specifikon kur ky kusht penal konsiderohet vler\u00ebsues (disiplinor, mund ta hasni dhe me k\u00ebt\u00eb term) dhe kur gjobor.<\/p>\n
Kushti penal \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb prej mjeteve p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar ekzekutimin e detyrimeve: mosp\u00ebrmbushje t\u00eb plot\u00eb t\u00eb detyrimit, ashtu edhe kur kemi ekzekutim t\u00eb pjessh\u00ebm t\u00eb detyrimit (jo n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn e duhur).<\/p>\n
N\u00eb kontrat\u00eb, pal\u00ebt kontraktuese mund t\u00eb parashikojn\u00eb nj\u00eb nga dy llojet e kushtit penal. Mund t\u00eb shfaqet si nj\u00eb nga klauzolat kontraktore t\u00eb kontrat\u00ebs kryesore, ose n\u00eb nj\u00eb kontrat\u00eb m\u00eb vete, por gjithmon\u00eb n\u00eb form\u00eb shkresore, sipas nenit 545. (ad substantiam)<\/p>\n
N\u00eb rastin e mosp\u00ebrmbushjes s\u00eb plot\u00eb t\u00eb detyrimit, kreditori ka t\u00eb drejt\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebrkoj\u00eb: pagim kushti penal + shp\u00ebrblimin e pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb d\u00ebmit q\u00eb kalon kushtin penal. Nuk mund t\u00eb k\u00ebrkohet ekzekutimi i detyrimit.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb rastin e ekzekutimit jo n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn e duhur, kreditori ka t\u00eb drejt\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebrkoj\u00eb: ekzekutimin e detyrimit, pagimin e kushtit penal, si dhe shp\u00ebrblimin e pjes\u00ebs q\u00eb kalon kushtin penal.<\/p>\n
Nga leximi dhe interpretimi i nenit 543 t\u00eb KC-s\u00eb, del q\u00eb kushti penal (gjobor apo vler\u00ebsues), \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm n\u00eb form\u00ebn e detyrimit monetar. Mir\u00ebpo, neni 541 shprehet se kushti penal mund t\u00eb paraqitet n\u00eb:
\n1. Pagimin e nj\u00eb shume t\u00eb hollash;
\n2. Kryerjen e nj\u00eb detyrimi tjet\u00ebr (veprim\/mosveprim, detyrim n\u00eb natyr\u00eb).<\/p>\n
Pavar\u00ebsisht m\u00ebnyr\u00ebs si \u00ebsht\u00eb formuluar neni 543, mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshihen n\u00eb fush\u00ebveprimin e k\u00ebtij neni edhe parashikimet e nenit 541, pasi p\u00ebrndryshe kjo mund t\u00eb sillte paqart\u00ebsi dhe mosaplikim n\u00eb praktik\u00eb t\u00eb pjes\u00ebs tjet\u00ebr (detyrimin n\u00eb natyr\u00eb, veprimin\/mosveprimin) t\u00eb nenit 541.<\/p>\n
Kolegji Civil i Gjykat\u00ebs s\u00eb Lart\u00eb, n\u00eb vendimin me nr.222 dat\u00eb 12.04.2023 (dhom\u00eb k\u00ebshillimi)vler\u00ebson se:<\/p>\n
“… pavar\u00ebsisht se dallimi i llojeve t\u00eb kushtit penal nuk jepet shprehimisht n\u00eb ligj, por nga p\u00ebrmbajtja e dispozitave t\u00eb m\u00ebsip\u00ebrme, par\u00eb n\u00eb harmoni dhe me shkronj\u00ebn \u201ca\u201d t\u00eb nenit 115 t\u00eb Kodi Civil, ai dallohet n\u00eb kushtin penal gjobor dhe at\u00eb vler\u00ebsues\/\u00e7mues.
\nP\u00ebr rastet q\u00eb kushti penal parashikohet p\u00ebr t\u00eb riparuar pozit\u00ebn pasurore t\u00eb kreditorit dhe\/ose nxitjen e debitorit p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbushur n\u00eb rregull detyrimin, ai ka funksionin e nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje nd\u00ebshkimore-gjobe (stipulatio poenae) dhe n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, debitori, krahas ekzekutimit t\u00eb detyrimit, duhet t\u00eb paguaj\u00eb kushtin penal, si dhe d\u00ebmet e shkaktuara kreditorit, duke u k\u00ebrkuar k\u00ebto n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb kumulative (neni 543\/1 i K.C.)
\nNd\u00ebrsa kushti penal q\u00eb fiksohet n\u00eb kontrat\u00eb, i p\u00ebrcaktuar sipas llogaritjeve paraprake t\u00eb d\u00ebmit t\u00eb mundsh\u00ebm q\u00eb mund t\u00eb vij\u00eb nga mosp\u00ebrmbushja e detyrimit, apo mosp\u00ebrmbushja n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn e duhur dhe i paracaktuar p\u00ebraf\u00ebrsisht n\u00eb nj\u00eb mas\u00eb t\u00eb vler\u00ebsueshme, p\u00ebr aq sa mund t\u00eb parashikohet (q\u00eb me lidhjen e kontrat\u00ebs) masa e d\u00ebmit t\u00eb mundsh\u00ebm, quhet kusht penal vler\u00ebsues.
\nN\u00eb thelb, kushti penal vler\u00ebsues p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsohet si nj\u00eb instrument teknik p\u00ebr llogaritjen q\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb humbjeve q\u00eb mund t\u2019i vijn\u00eb kreditorit nga mosekzekutimi i detyrimit dhe ka p\u00ebr q\u00ebllim, t\u2019a shkarkoj\u00eb pal\u00ebn nga barra e prov\u00ebs p\u00ebr mas\u00ebn e d\u00ebmit t\u00eb p\u00ebsuar. Kreditori, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, ka t\u00eb drejt\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebrkoj\u00eb, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb alternative, ose shp\u00ebrblimin e d\u00ebmit ose kushtin penal (p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e d\u00ebmit q\u00eb kalon kushtin penal) dhe jo t\u00eb dyja s\u00eb bashku (neni 543\/2 i K.C.). I pari, kushti penal gjobor, nuk i n\u00ebnshtrohet afatit t\u00eb parashkrimit 6 mujor, nd\u00ebrsa i dyti kushti penal vler\u00ebsues po….”<\/p>\n
Kodi yn\u00eb ka parashikuar nj\u00eb afat t\u00eb posa\u00e7\u00ebm parashkrimi vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr kushtin penal vler\u00ebsues (6 muaj), kurse p\u00ebr kushtin penal gjobor, nuk ka p\u00ebrcaktuar afat, p\u00ebr rrjedhoj\u00eb do t’i n\u00ebnshtrohet afatit t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm t\u00eb parashkrimit, atij 10 vje\u00e7ar. Ky nen ka nevoje per ndryshime, pasi ka nj\u00eb diferenc\u00eb t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb konceptin kohor t\u00eb parashkrimit n\u00eb lidhje me dy llojet e kushtit penal.<\/p>\n